Seeking Shelter

The number of unhoused teens in the U.S. is growing. Find out why—and what you can do to help.

As you read, ask yourself: What are some of the root causes of teen homelessness?

Kim Raff/AP Content Services for Scholastic, Inc.

Harper Elder became unhoused at the age of 16 after years of conflict with her parents.

Harper Elder biked toward school, snow swirling around her. An icy wind stung the 16-year-old’s bare hands. Growing up near Salt Lake City, Utah, Harper was accustomed to fierce winters. But this year she wasn’t prepared. She had no gloves. No warm coat. And no place to call home. It was early 2021. Harper had been crashing on her older sister’s couch, a 45-minute bike ride from school. Months earlier, years of conflict with her mother had reached a breaking point. Harper says her parents kicked her out. The first night, she started walking to a friend’s house, but then she stopped. She couldn’t bring herself to ask for help.

“I didn’t want to lose face or be vulnerable with people,” says Harper, now 21. “So I slept in a park. It was very, very scary.”

A growing number of young people share Harper’s struggle. Each year, an estimated 700,000 Americans ages 13-17 are homeless and on their own, according to government data. (The number balloons to 4.2 million when people ages 18-25 are included.) These teens bounce between shelters, cars, and friends’ homes. Sometimes they have to sleep outside.

Homelessness affects young people in every state—and it’s getting worse. The number of public school students identified as unhoused (either on their own or with their families) more than doubled between the 2004-05 and 2022-23 school years, according to the U.S. Department of Education.

But for Harper and others, homelessness does not need to be the end of their story, says Barbara Duffield. She leads SchoolHouse Connection, a national nonprofit working to overcome youth homelessness through education. “These young people can and do succeed,” she says. “They often will say, ‘This is something that happened to me. This is not who I am.’ ”

Nowhere to Go

Financial pressures, such as rising rents, are often the cause of homelessness in families. But conflict at home is the primary reason teens become unhoused. Unhoused teens are often fleeing abuse, neglect, domestic violence, or a parent’s addiction.

The homelessness crisis doesn’t affect everyone equally. Black, Latine/Hispanic, and Indigenous young people experience homelessness at higher rates than their White peers. LGBTQ+ youth are at more than double the risk of becoming unhoused than non-LGBTQ+ youth.

For teens who are homeless on their own, the first challenge is finding a safe place to stay. Many end up moving between the homes of friends or family, without staying in one spot for very long.

Jaden Noble of St. Louis, Missouri, knows how difficult that circumstance can be. She ended up without a place to stay after spiraling into grief when her older brother died of cancer in 2023. Jaden, then 18, fell into a deep depression. She did things she now regrets, like trying drugs. Her parents eventually asked her to leave, she says.

Sometimes she stayed at her boyfriend’s place, though their relationship was unhealthy. Other nights, Jaden slept on the floor of her cousin’s laundry room. She ate mostly beef jerky. “I didn’t know what my next move was,” she says. “It honestly felt like my life was about to end.”

Michael Thomas/AP Content Services for Scholastic, Inc.

Jaden Noble, now 21, wears a shirt honoring her brother. She found help at a youth shelter.

Stress and Shame

Stress is common among unhoused youth. So is embarrassment and fear of being judged. “There’s a lot of shame around homelessness,” Harper says. Many young people hide their situation. They try to keep attending school while pretending everything is fine around their classmates and teachers. But it’s not easy. Teens experiencing homelessness are often hungry and exhausted, experts say. They may struggle to focus.

Unhoused teens also may not have access to important resources, like a quiet place to study or a safe place to shower. Over time, challenges like these can take a toll. Students experiencing homelessness drop out of school at much higher rates than their peers, data shows. That can make it difficult for them to find a job later.

Harper was determined to stay in school—even if it meant biking through blizzards. “I was in survival mode,” she says. “I just did what I had to do.” She was able to stay with her sister for only a short time. Later she found a secure place to stay with a family near her school.

Finding Support

For many teens, the solution starts with asking for help. Telling a teacher or guidance counselor at school, for example, can jump-start support. Federal law requires school districts to identify unhoused students, because they are entitled to special services. Those services include transportation to the school they attended before becoming homeless.

Jaden’s mom reached out and urged her to seek help at a shelter. Many communities have shelters where unhoused people can sleep, eat meals, and get medical help. But most of those shelters are set up for adults. Jaden visited adult shelters, but she didn’t feel comfortable staying at one. “It wasn’t a good fit,” she says.

There are shelters specifically for unhoused youth, but they aren’t as common. The facilities often have special resources, like homework help and counseling services for teens.

Eventually, Jaden got lucky. In March 2024, she found a spot at a youth-specific shelter called Covenant House. Staff members there helped Jaden rebuild her life. With their support, she got a job and an apartment.

Jaden also received counseling at Covenant House for her grief over her brother’s death. Now 21, she is working to mend her relationships with her family. “The other day, I said, ‘I wonder if my brother would be proud of me,’ ” Jaden recalls. “My mama looked at me and said, ‘I think he would.’ ”

Hiding in Plain Sight

How can more unhoused teens get this kind of assistance? Advocates say schools and aid groups need more resources to help identify which young people are struggling. Teens who do receive support often say they wish adults had gotten involved sooner, says Duffield, of SchoolHouse Connection. “They say, ‘I wish someone would have told me that help was available,’ ” she says.

Another crucial step is to create more youth-specific shelters and resources, says Leslie McGuire, the chief program officer at Covenant House International. That nonprofit has shelters for unhoused young people in 25 U.S. cities.

“There’s a real shortage of facilities specifically designed for young people,” says McGuire. “The adult system is more about meeting basic human needs rather than overcoming homelessness.” Youth shelters are more likely to offer the emotional support teens need. Half of the young people who enter Covenant House report dealing with mental health challenges.

Prevention is also key to ending the crisis. Many policy experts say the U.S. needs to create and expand services like mental health care, job training, and affordable housing programs. Changes like these could help stop teen homelessness before it starts.

Moving Forward

No longer homeless, Harper wants to be part of that solution. She tells her story to raise awareness. She has traveled to Washington, D.C., to meet with government officials and share her experiences. “It’s like they want to help,” she says of lawmakers, “but they just can’t figure out how.”

As for what helped her, Harper says focusing on school—as well as creative outlets, like writing and dancing—have propelled her forward. The hard work has paid off. Through SchoolHouse Connection, Harper earned a scholarship to a college in Utah, where she’s now studying English and creative writing. She lives in student housing, in her own room, and has a tight circle of friends.

Harper advises teens who are experiencing homelessness to do something she didn’t do on that first night she had nowhere to stay: Tell people. Ask for help, because there are resources available.

“Anyone can be homeless,” Harper says. But they don’t need to suffer in silence.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education

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