Crave. Crunch. Repeat?

Don’t feel bad if you can’t resist packaged treats. Here’s why they’re so hard to put down—and advice for how to snack smarter.

As you read, ask yourself: How can ultra-processed foods affect the health of communities?

Maartje van Caspel/Getty Images (Chip Bag); Shutterstock.com (All Other Images)

You’re hungry. The vending machine is right there. And those barbecue potato chips? They’re practically calling your name. You pop one in your mouth. Boom! Salty, sweet flavor spreads across your tongue. You grab another. And another. Soon, the bag is empty. Now you’re licking barbecue dust off your fingers, wondering, “Why are these things so addictive?”

The answer is simple. Food companies designed those chips to keep you snacking, often past the point when you feel full.

You’re not alone if you sometimes struggle to stop eating junk foods. Today more than half of all calories consumed in the U.S. come from packaged items that have many artificial ingredients and little nutritional value. Diets high in these ultra-processed foods have been linked to obesity, heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers. According to a 2025 report from the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 63 percent of the foods consumed by the average U.S. teenager are ultra-processed.

That said, there’s nothing wrong with munching on packaged treats once in a while. But learning how these products are made can help you make informed choices the next time you feel a snack attack coming on.

An Irresistible Formula

iStockPhoto/Getty Images (Sugar, Salt); Shutterstock.com (Oil)

Like any successful product, every packaged puff, chip, or cookie is carefully designed and tested. For snack foods, this design almost always starts with three ingredients: salt, fat, and sugar.

Let’s start with salt. Snack food manufacturers use salt to add flavor and disguise the icky taste of the preservatives that keep processed foods fresh on the grocery store shelf. At about a dollar per pound, salt is a much cheaper ingredient to use than fresh herbs and spices. Plus, it
draws out saliva in your mouth. This helps dissolve food particles and makes it easier for your taste buds to absorb flavors.

Food makers also add fat. Fat does not have a taste like sweetness or bitterness, but it produces a powerful sensation called mouthfeel. “It’s the same feeling you get when you bite into a warm, gooey grilled cheese,” says Michael Moss. He’s a journalist who wrote about the science of processed food in the book Hooked: How We Became Addicted to Processed Food. “It sends a signal to the reward center of your brain.”

Finally, there’s sugar. You probably already understand how hard that is to resist! Sugar triggers a process in your brain that boosts your mood and makes you feel good. But snack manufacturers also know that when there’s too much sugar in food, your brain will signal you’ve had enough. So they add just the right amount of sugar to make sure you keep eating. This is called the bliss point. It’s the amount of sugar that causes your body to crave more without registering that you’re full. Even foods you don’t think of as sweet, like spaghetti sauce and bread, have just enough added sugar to make you want to keep eating past the point of fullness.

Snack Secrets

Antonis Achilleos

Tricking your fullness signals isn’t the only thing food companies are doing to keep you snacking. In labs across the country, scientists test and tweak foods to be as crave-worthy as possible. That means designing the look, texture, and smell to flood your brain with pleasure and make you want more.

One example is that melt-in-your-mouth feeling of cheese puffs. According to food scientist Steven Witherly, that sensation is called vanishing caloric density. “Because the puffs melt so quickly, your brain goes, ‘Wait a minute. Where did it go?’ and it doesn’t register the calories,” Witherly explains. “So you eat another one, and another one . . . until they’re all gone.”

Food scientists also know that you will crave a food even more if it leaves a dusting of powder on your fingertips, which you can lick to get a burst of flavor at the end. Research shows you’re more likely to pick up a package that has bright colors like red, orange, and yellow. And you’ll likely keep eating or drinking if a food or beverage doesn’t have a single overpowering taste. (Have you ever tried to describe the flavor of cola? You likely can’t—and that’s why.)

How do food makers know these things? Every new snack flavor or product line is subjected to intense analysis. Companies like General Mills hire taste testers to nibble on their new products and provide feedback.

And when humans aren’t testing products, machines are. Moss says that Frito-Lay, the maker of Fritos, Doritos, and Lay’s, developed a $40,000 device that simulates a chewing mouth. “They learned that potato chips will sell better the more noise they make,” he explains. “So they used it to figure out the perfect crunch point.”

How to Snack Smarter

Let’s be real: You’re going to eat potato chips and candy sometimes. That’s OK! But now that you know food companies’ clever tactics, you can fight back with some tricks of your own. Maybe you pour a portion of chips into a bowl instead of eating them straight from the bag. (That bag of chips may look like a single serving, but it might actually hold two or three!) Or perhaps you decide to eat an apple with peanut butter (the combo is packed with fiber and protein) before you dig into the candy. That way, your body gets some of the nutrients it needs to grow and function.

Knowing how processed food is made doesn’t mean you can never eat it. It just helps you pause, think, and then make a smart call for your body and brain!

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