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Teen Investing 101

Investing cash today can help fund your dreams tomorrow. Here’s how to get started.

As you read, ask yourself: What is the relationship between time and the amount of money an investment can earn?

You did it! You got your hands on money that’s all yours. You stashed away birthday cash, babysat for neighbors, or scooped ice cream at the mall. You worked hard for this money. Now, what are you going to do with it?

You might want to spend it today—like on a new pair of sneakers—or save for a short-term goal, like buying a new bike. Or perhaps you’re thinking bigger: graduate school, your own home, or a billion-dollar business idea?

To save for long-term goals like these, one great option is investing. Investing is spending resources on something that will benefit you in the future. You invest time and energy when you study to boost your grades, for example, or practice your jump shot at basketball practice.

When it comes to money, investing means buying something now that can grow in value over time. After all, if you buy those sneakers, the money you spent is gone. But if you put money in an investment account, its value can increase—slowly at first, then faster and faster like a snowball.

Plus, you don’t need alot of cash to begin. “You can start investing regardless of how much money you have,” says Carly Urban. She’s an economist at Montana State University. Investing young is a great idea, says Urban, because it gives money time to grow. The money you make can make more money, which can make MORE money. This is called compounding. Read on to learn the basics.

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Step 1: Do Your Research

Before you start investing, you should get familiar with different investment types. Two common ones are stocks and bonds.
When you buy a bond, you’re loaning your money to a government or company. The bond you receive is a promise to pay your loan back, plus extra. That extra is called interest.

A stock is a tiny piece of a company that you own. When you buy stocks, you’re betting that the company will grow. If it does, each piece of it increases in value. You make money when you sell stocks later for more than you paid for them.

And if the company is profitable, you may receive dividends, or portions of those profits. Using them to buy more stock can help your money multiply even faster.

Remember: Investments aren’t guaranteed to grow. Unlike savings accounts, there’s always a risk investments will lose money instead. U.S. Treasury bonds are some of the least risky, because they’re backed by the U.S. government. Riskier investments can mean bigger payouts—or bigger losses if your luck runs out.

That’s why many people choose to diversify their investments, or put money into different types of investments. One way to do this is by buying index funds. These funds distribute money among various stocks and bonds. If one loses money, others can grow, so you’re still likely to make money over time.

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Step 2: Set Your Goals

Next, decide what your long-term goals are. Perhaps you want to pay for cosmetology school—or law school. Maybe you’re saving for a car, a home, or a trip to Italy. And even though it’s far off, you could even start saving for retirement.

With your goals in mind, decide how much you want to invest, for how long, and how much risk you’re willing to take on. You can use a compound interest calculator, like the one on investor.gov, to help you plan.

It’s important not to invest money that you need to stay safe and healthy today or in the near future. In fact, depending on the investment, you could have to pay a penalty if you withdraw your money too soon.

Many experts recommend using the 50/30/20 rule: Spend 50 percent of your money on your needs, 30 percent on things you want, and divide the last 20 percent between savings and investments.

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Step 3: Choose an Account

Ready to jump in? If you’re younger than 18, you’ll need an adult to get started. U.S. laws require a parent or guardian to own teens’ investments and sign off on what they’re doing. Your family may be thrilled you’re interested in investing. But if they’re skeptical, try showing them what you know. Maybe give them a presentation. If they say OK, make sure they don’t do everything for you. It’s more fun to take the lead yourself!

First, you’ll need a brokerage account. This is like a bank account, but for investments. Some brokerage companies offer accounts just for teens (though your guardians are the legal account holders). Look for a brokerage account with low or no fees and no minimum balance requirement. Once you pick one, you’ll transfer money from a bank account into your brokerage account. You can start by investing a small amount—say, $25. Choose your investments, and click “buy.”

If you don’t have cash to invest or just want to practice risk-free, you can try running a simulation. That’s a pretend account offered by some brokerage firms. It shows how money would perform in certain investments compared to the overall stock market. “It’s really cool to build simulations, pretend you have money, and track how stocks are doing,” says Urban, the Montana State economist. Then you can decide if you’re ready to try the real thing.

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Step 4: Keep Learning

Once you’ve set up your first investments—or simulations—keep an eye on them. Check on their performance, but don’t worry about small ups and downs over days, weeks, or even months. Make sure to review your fees each month, and resist the impulse to cash out when the market dips. If an investment doesn’t perform well, try to figure out why, and use your learnings for future investments.

Fewer than one in four teens invest their money, so if you decide to try, you will be a step ahead. As you learn, ask questions and keep researching. You may soon know more about investing than many adults. Who knows? Your friends and family may start asking you for tips on how to grow their own money!

"Know Your Investments" answers:

1. Stock, 2. Index fund, 3. Bond

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